The first two volumes of this series, titled Human Rights Ideas, analyzed core concepts like rights and freedom from the perspective of mainstream human rights discourse, leaving critical theories largely unexplored. This volume addresses that gap by examining human rights from the standpoint of subversive theories such as socialism, Marxism, and post-structuralism. In doing so, it challenges the individualist human rights framework and highlights the contradictions within mainstream discourse.

While human rights discourse has often been seen as a liberating force, aiming to free individuals from oppression and achieve fundamental freedoms, historical experience shows that the real benefits—such as equality, justice, and political participation—are often undermined by systemic inequalities and exploitation. Despite its promises, human rights discourse faces several shortcomings, including political exclusivity, irresponsibility among capital owners, and profit-driven policies in capitalist systems. This book offers a critique of these issues, focusing on socialist and post-structuralist perspectives.

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